Meknes (Morocco) The city of Meknes is located in the northern part of Morocco on a plateau in the foothills of the middle Atlas. It is located 60 km northwest of Fes. Meknes was founded in the 11th century, and at the end of the 17th century, Mula Ismail declared it the capital of the state and his residence. It was at this time that the city flourished. Like all other ancient cities of Morocco, Meknes is divided into Old…
General information: Named in honor of the famous Spanish navigator and discoverer of the 15th century, became the possession of France in 1897. According to i Type Job, Guano and phosphate reserves are being developed. Today, a small military garrison is stationed on the island, serving the meteorological station. Geography Location: South Africa, an island in the Mozambique Channel, about a third of the way from Madagascar to Mozambique. Geographic coordinates: 17° 03′ S. latitude, 42° 45′ E Reference map:…
Rather modest size, comparable to Moscow alone, and remoteness from the rest of the world do not affect the popularity of sunny Mauritius at all, quite the opposite! Every year the level of tourism in this land of tropical fruits, gentle sea and fresh seafood is only increasing. Even the relatively high price tag for accommodation and meals does not bother tourists who are willing to pay a lot for staying on this paradise land. Geography of Mauritius According to…
TERRITORY: MORPHOLOGY The Nigerian territory has a rather simple structure; it corresponds to an ancient penepian which has its prominent parts in the central-northern section, where the crystalline, archaeozoic formations of the African base emerge over vast surfaces. These raised areas, which are configured as a sort of not very high plateau, represent the remains of an ancient relief gradually leveled by erosion, which underwent rejuvenation in the Cenozoic era., when the depressions that complete the picture of the Nigerian…
Global divergence was shaped during the 19th century by the fundamental division of the world into colonial powers on the one hand and colonial, semi-colonial and dependent territories on the other. However, the global North-South conflict only emerged as a result of the results of World War II. Although the Latin American states had already achieved their formal independence around the middle of the 19th century, they had then come under the hegemony of the USA, with which they came…
After the East-West antagonism broke away in 1989, the North-South relationship changed in several ways. The gap between rich and poor countries has increased despite considerable growth rates in the Third World, whereby a distinction must be made between “less” and “less” developed countries (less developed countries [LDC] and least developed countries ”[LLDC]). The individual economic regions of both the First and Third World have grown differently and will develop at different speeds for the foreseeable future. As a result…
With the “Anschluss” of Austria in March 1938, the annexation of the Sudetenland in September 1938 (Sudeten crisis, Munich Agreement) and the smashing of the remaining Czechoslovak state in March 1939 (establishment of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, independence of Slovakia in the “protection of the Reich”)) the aggressive phase of the metropolitan area and expansion policy of National Socialist Germany began. Spurred on by his successes and in a significantly improved economic and, above all, strategic position due…
Second World War, global war, based on National Socialist Germany, in the years 1939–45. Prehistory The political order of Europe and East Asia created after the First World War, which was based on the economic and power-political preponderance of the victorious powers Great Britain, France and the USA as well as the extensive isolation of the USSR, came to an end at the beginning of the 1930s as a result of the global economic crisis and the internal weakness of…
July 20, 1944: During the catastrophic defeat of Army Group Center and in anticipation of the inevitable collapse of the German front in Normandy, C. Graf Schenk von Stauffenberg carried out an assassination attempt on July 20, 1944 in the Wolfsschanze headquarters (near Rastenburg) on Hitler (July 20th). By removing it, the end of the war was supposed to be reasonably speedy, v. a. but a self-purification of Germany can be initiated by the criminal National Socialist leadership. The company…
In between the Russian-German treks moved; 600,000 people fleeing the Red Army sought a deceptive security in eastern Germany. During their retreat, the German troops repeatedly used the “scorched earth” tactic. A Soviet attack on the Finnish front on the Karelian Isthmus (June 9, 1944) penetrated as far as the Finnish-Soviet border in 1940, but could be stopped with German help. Hundreds of thousands of people were forcibly evacuated, used to build positions or deported to Germany for forced labor. In…
War aims and consolidation of the anti-Hitler coalition: Roosevelt and Churchill announced at the Casablanca conference on January 24, 1943, the unconditional surrender of Germany, Italy and Japan as their war goal; In addition, it was decided to strengthen the Allied bomber offensive against Germany, which now also includes the American Air Force, v. a. in daytime attacks against armaments centers, intervention; the British Air Force continued v. a. Night attacks against large cities. In connection with the discovery of…
The Second World War was a global war, starting with National Socialist Germany in the years 1939–45. The Second World War (1939–45) came about through Adolf Hitler’s criminal expansion policy, which was aimed at eliminating the “dictate of Versailles” and gaining “living space in the east”. Germany’s allies were Italy and Japan (»axis« Berlin – Rome – Tokyo; hence »axis powers «). In March 1938 Austria was “annexed” to the German Reich; In the Munich Agreement (1938) Germany was awarded…
In response to the events in North Africa, Hitler ordered the construction of a German-Italian bridgehead in Tunisia (from November 9, 1942), the invasion of the previously unoccupied southern France (from November 11), and the occupation of the initially unoccupied port of Toulon (November 27th) – the majority of the French warships sank themselves in the process – and the disarmament of the weak French armistice army. The government in Vichy finally became a satellite of the German occupying forces….
Strategic plans of the anti-Hitler coalition: After the USA entered the war, the United States and Great Britain joined forces in close strategic planning and warfare. At Churchill’s first stay in Washington, D. C. (December 22, 1941 to January 14, 1942), the body of the “Combined Chiefs of Staff” was created, a joint body of the British and American United General Staffs; in addition, the fundamental strategic decisions for the years 1942–44 were reaffirmed: Germany remained the main adversary, the…
The UN Security Council sent a peacekeeping force, Unmiss, to southern Sudan to monitor compliance with the peace agreement. The CPA was followed by some political softening, and al-Bashir’s party NCP co-ruled with Garang’s SPLM. In July 2005, Garang became Vice President under al-Bashir and President of Autonomous South Sudan, but only a few weeks later he died in a helicopter crash. He was succeeded in all posts by SPLM’s Vice President Salva Kiir Mayardit, who, unlike Garang, openly advocated independence for the…
Sudan now became one of the world’s toughest dictatorships. Opposition politicians were imprisoned or deported. Sharia also came to apply to non-Muslims. The Saudi terrorist Osama bin Laden was invited to Sudan and had his own training camps there from 1991-1996. Hassan al-Turabi was competing against al-Bashir, but in 2000 the president decided the power struggle by excluding al-Turabi and his supporters from the ruling party and firing them from all political assemblies. After the purges, the government took on a less Islamist appearance. The influence…
Africa’s longest war, between northern and southern Sudan, lasted from 1955 to 2005 (with a shaky pause of eleven years) and claimed the lives of up to two million people. In 2011, the country was divided into Sudan and South Sudan after the South Sudanese voted to form an independent state. However, several disputes remain to be resolved. In both countries, internal conflicts are going on at the same time. The 2005 peace agreement stipulated that the people of the south, after six…
Betrayed promises From being at a low level for several years, the conflict in the area flared up in 2005, when 17 protesters were killed by police in the port city of Port Sudan. The influx of volunteers to the guerrillas increased rapidly and the fighting escalated. The Khartoum government also reacted quickly with offers of peace talks. Contacts were facilitated by Eritrea changing sides, presumably to increase its military readiness at the border with Ethiopia, and stepped in as a mediator….
Despite the peace agreement, the violence continued on several fronts, now mostly in the form of local conflicts over arable and pasture land, water sources and minerals. The more political dimension was less and less heard about, but the conditions for the civilian population were just as difficult. Many were killed in new clashes and people continued to be driven from their homes. How many have been affected by the conflict is difficult to assess. The violence claimed the most deaths in the…
UN divided From the outset, the UN Security Council was divided over Darfur. At first, they were content to issue threats of “action”, but in January 2005, the UN stated that the Sudanese army and its allies had committed systematic abuses against civilians. On the other hand, the Security Council did not want to call it genocide , which according to the UN Charter and international law would have forced the world organization to intervene. International attempts at mediation had no effect. However, the Sudanese…
According to 800zipcodes, the 50-year war between North Sudan and South Sudan has marked Sudan’s modern history, but there are also other hotspots within the country. Like many other African countries, Sudan is basically an artificial creation, and in independence in 1956, the new state inherited a number of inherent contradictions. Since the beginning of the 2000s, there have been armed conflicts in the western region of Darfur, in the east around the Red Sea and in the states of Southern…
The coalition government takes office The division of power within the future government was decided, but no date was set for the coalition government to take office. In February 2016, Kiir reinstated rival Machar as vice president, but Machar refused to take the position unless all government soldiers first left Juba in accordance with the peace agreement. Out in the country, the fighting continued. In March, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights accused both sides of the conflict of serious human…
In the outside world, anger increased over the brutality and the leaders’ indifference to the hardships of the population. The peace talks in Addis Ababa continued, but they were slow. The US and the EU threatened sanctions if delays continued. In March, the UN estimated that more than a million South Sudanese were homeless and that 800,000 of them were fleeing the country, while a quarter of a million had managed to reach neighboring countries. According to listofusnewspapers, a famine catastrophe also…
No peace after the peace agreement During the six-year transition period until South Sudan’s independence in 2011, small-scale fighting continued around the country. The leaders of the SPLM / SPLA accused the government in Khartoum of supporting rebels with the intention of sabotaging the peace agreement and stopping the division of the country. Outbreaks of violence are also believed in some cases to have been due to local leaders’ attempts to strengthen their positions ahead of the upcoming elections in the…
Barely 2.5 years after the creation of the state, South Sudan was drawn into a devastating civil war in December 2013. A power struggle between the country’s two main leaders triggered the conflict. It was not until 2015 that a peace agreement was signed following international pressure. By then, tens of thousands, perhaps hundreds of thousands, of people had been killed and over two million had become homeless as a result of the war. Already the following year, new fighting broke out and a…
Offensive against FDLR Thereafter, the military and the FIB instead focused on fighting the FDLR (and ADF-Nalu). Assessors pointed out that it would be difficult to defeat the FDLR with military means alone. It had long been emphasized that political and economic measures would also be required to force the Hutu militia to lay down its arms and return to Rwanda. In the spring of 2014, however, the FDLR said that the group would in future only operate with political means. This was received…
A divided country In the parliamentary elections, parties loyal to Kabila had gained a majority, but in the presidential election a second round of elections was required between Kabila and the former rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba. Bemba played on xenophobic sentiments against Kabila and accused him of not being a “true Congolese”. Kabila clearly won in the decisive election round, but the result also showed how divided the country was. The president had strong support in the east, while few had voted…
Short-term peace agreement In November 1998, a Ugandan-backed rebel movement, the Congolese Liberation Movement (MLC), opened a new front against Kabila in the north. The following year, the RCD was split into two factions, one supported by Rwanda and one by Uganda. The rebel movements in the east built up their forces with incomes from gold, diamonds, coltan and tin. Later, there were fighting between Rwandan and Ugandan troops in Kisangani, probably over control of the diamond trade. After several unsuccessful attempts, the parties finally managed to…
Africa’s First World War The genocide in Rwanda in 1994 contributed to the overthrow of dictator Mobutu after many years in power. But the new rulers were not interested in a real democratization of Congo-Kinshasa and in 1998 war broke out. More and more other countries were drawn into the conflict, sometimes referred to as “Africa’s First World War”. The conflict between Hutus and Tutsis Of crucial importance to the conflict in Congo-Kinshasa are the conflicts between Hutus and Tutsis, who are…
Great UN effort After a ceasefire was concluded in August 1999, the UN sent a peacekeeping force, Monuc , to the country. It grew in a few years to 17,000 men, but still had difficulty creating calm. In 2010, it was transformed into Monusco, whose task is to try to stabilize the situation in the east. Both Monuc and Monusco have been criticized for not doing enough to protect the civilian population. In 2013, a new brigade was created within Monusco, FIB , which was given a…